<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Climate hazards such as heavy rain<\/strong> events with high erosive capacity<\/strong>, increased average annual temperatures and heat waves<\/strong>, and more frequent droughts<\/strong> are expected to impact negatively on citizens and biodiversity within the greater Durban area. Specific threats include water scarcity, food insecurity, floods, the spread of diseases such as malaria and cholera, and damages to infrastructure.<\/p>\n \u201cThe city of Durban in South Africa typifies the many small- to medium-sized cities around the world that are likely to be significantly impacted by climate change. These cities are caught in a \u201cperfect storm\u201d of population growth, escalating adaptation needs and substantial development deficits created by a shortage of human and financial resources, increasing levels of informality, poor governance, environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, poverty and growing inequality (Roberts, D. & O\u00b4Donoghue, S. 2013)\u201d.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n Direct beneficiaries are the local communities living adjacent to the Buffelsdraai Landfill Site. The inhabitants of Durban metropolitan area benefit indirectly through the enhanced flow of ecosystem services<\/strong>.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n Whilst climate mitigation was the initial objective, the project quickly demonstrated substantive adaptation benefits from the restoration of local ecosystems. Relevant adaptation benefits include improved river-flow regulation or attenuation and sediment control in the face of erratic rainfalls and floods; and better retention of subsoil water during dry periods<\/strong>. As such, the adaptation benefits have come to take greater preference, and learnings from the project are anticipated to be scaled up or replicated in other areas. The multiple socio-ecological benefits<\/strong> achieved by the project have resulted in Gold Standard<\/a> validation by the Climate Community<\/a> and Biodiversity Alliance<\/a>.<\/p>\n Environmental impacts:<\/strong>\u00a0Control of alien invasive plants, reduction in erosion, restoration of water services, improved biodiversity refuges, water quality, river-flow regulation, flood mitigation, sediment control, visual amenity, and fire-risk reduction.<\/p>\n Socio-economic impacts:<\/strong>\u00a0Since 2008 the project has created a total of 635 jobs \u00a0for members of the surrounding communities (as of January 2018). Ongoing support of tree-preneurs, who grow trees for the project,\u00a0led to an increase in household income and skills development. Further benefits include reduced expenditure on replacing grey infrastructure e.g. bridges.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n <\/p>\n The Buffelsdraai Community Reforestation Project, situated within the buffer zone of Durban\u2019s Buffelsdraai Regional Landfill Site was initiated in November 2008. The initial aim was to offset a portion of CO2 emissions (declared as 307,208 tons CO2 equivalent) associated with the city hosting of several 2010 FIFA World CupTM soccer matches. However, whilst climate mitigation was the initial objective, the project quickly demonstrated substantive climate-change adaptation benefits, and these are now considered to be of even greater importance.<\/p>\n Adaptation in this context refers to practical ways in which risks from climate impacts can be managed, including reducing risks that \u00a0communities are exposed to and boosting the local economy. Enhanced ecosystem services delivered by restored landscapes, for example river-flow regulation and sediment control in the face of erratic rainfalls and floods, show direct benefits to local communities.<\/p>\n Specific socioeconomic benefits witnessed as part of the project at Buffelsdraai include increased food security and livelihoods opportunities for local community members, as well as better education options for local school children. One of the many inspirational stories that have emerged since the inception of the Durban\u2019s Reforestation Programme, is that of Melta Majola.<\/p>\n She signed up as a Tree-preneur, in 2009, in order to start growing trees for the Buffelsdraai Community Reforestation Project. Melta lives with her two grandchildren, and cares for them following the death of her son and daughter-in-law.<\/p>\n Through this project she has learnt to collect wild seed on her own, and has grown many seedlings for the reforestation project. The tree sales complement the money she receives from her pension grant and as such, she is better able support her family. Through the project she has been able to buy an electric stove, making her home safer, and she is also able to buy groceries with the credits she receives for the trees.<\/p>\n This has freed up her pension grant which she uses for school fees and transport for her grandchildren. During a recent visit to Melta\u2019s home-based tree nursery, she had a stock of approximately 1 200 trees, which \u00a0were valued at ~R 7 000. Melta has indicated that she appreciates the knowledge of indigenous plants that she has gained through this programme. In addition, Melta is involved in a project for recycling of plastic, tins and bottles in her area, which also generates some income.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n![\"beneficiaries](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/panorama.solutions\/sites\/default\/files\/d7k_6537_e_douwes.jpg?resize=640%2C424&ssl=1\")
Challenges<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/panorama.solutions\/sites\/default\/files\/_dbq4538.jpg?resize=640%2C427&ssl=1\")
<\/h3>\n
Beneficiaries<\/h3>\n
Impacts<\/h3>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/panorama.solutions\/sites\/default\/files\/styles\/medium_retina\/public\/2014-06-10_buffelsdraai_e_douwes_d7k_2088.jpg?resize=291%2C440&ssl=1\" "\\"Melta")